In What Way That American Western Land Policy Affects United States's Research Paper

In What Way That American Western the three estates Policy Affects United Statess Economy - Research Paper ExampleGenerally in European countries at that time set downlords owned most of the territories and peasants were working as a lower class servants. But US national government, far sighting the future, came up with a different policy. They acquired the whole acres and then redistribute it to common man. The Land Ordinance of 1785 made it easy for a settler to acquire a land of his own. The distribution of the land was intelligently crafted into sections of square mile with four equal subsections of 160 acre. (White 1991). These subsections were then interchange at public auctions. Federal Land Policy The distribution of land was initiated at a light price of $2 per acre but the condition was to minimally buy the whole subsector of 160 acre. To ease the perfume the money can be given over four years. Although the aim of land policy was to gain ground a common man in buyin g the land, this policy also favored the speculators. They bought a flowerpot of land with a vision that raised price in future will provide them with a hefty profit. In the beginning, however, the process of land distribution was not well organized as federal land offices were located miles away from the distributed lands. But much amendments were made in the 1820s when the price of per acre was reduced to 1.2$ and stripped-down land acquisition requirement reduced to 80 acres only. Also the federal land offices were primed(p) at convenient locations to facilitate the process. These changes significantly increase the number of buyer as more(prenominal) and more common men could afford the price now. Problem of squatter was on the rise and Pre-Emption wreak was introduced to allow them buy the respective land at a discounted price of 1.25$ per acre (White 1999). Homestead Act In 1862, despite the civil war in progress, congress came up with a homestead act. This was to facilita te handiness of land to the real settlers on the public domain. Under this act an individual who is an American citizen or mig putd here and is in process of citizenship can apply for a land in public domain. The maximum battleground under this was somewhat a quarter sections. If a mortal resides on the land for five years, the land is granted in his name. But the condition applies that he should not leave the place for more than 6 months or in else the land can be taken back by the government. Or the person can buy this land at discounted rates. In the span of 122 years (1862-1986) government sold about 25% of land under Homestead Act. It provided capital for stabilizing economy as well as provided a new home and settlement for many citizens. Railway Road Grants Between 1862 and 1872 congress gave railroad track road grants to develop railway tracks. About 125 million acre of land was granted for such development. This was to essence in economic boost with no theoretical los s of money in grants. It was speculated that the land skillful the railway tracks will have double the actual value hence recovering the money muddled in land grants. (White 1991). These rail roads acted as a catalyst in increasing the rate of settlement. Many new settlements emerged along the tracks. Also it supported the farmers as they found a medium for seedy transportation of their goods. As a simple rule of economics, before a significant large scurf production of any commodity is achieved, it is very important to have an access to open markets where these products could be sold. some other important

Astronomy assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astronomy assignment 2 - Essay Example1. Mass transfer or overflow a process that could have occurred in a close binary system where one high- atomic reactor star beginning the end of its life expands and sheds dour its outer gas to the other, originally a low-mass star, as a result of the latters gravitational pull. The originally low-mass star grows in size and becomes a high-mass star (Heggie & Hut 2003). Thus, Blue Stragglers have resist longer than the usual high-mass star.2. Collision theory Collision could occur between single-binary or binary-binary stars encounters in a cluster which will produce a single body which will have a mass twice or more than that of the turn-off mass (Heggie & Hut2003.Bennett, Jeffrey and Megan Donahue, Nicholas Schneider and Mark Voit. The Cosmic Perspective, Fifth Edition. http//www.coursesmart.com/mycoursesmart?page=0&__myxmlid=9780321542632X2ludGVybmFsX0Jvb2tJbmZvQWpheFBhbmVsP3BhZ2U9JnhtbGlkPTk3ODAzMjE1NDI2MzI= , pp 536, 566,

Produced water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Produced water - Essay Example some(prenominal) call areas such as agriculture which uses 70 per cent, 22 per cent for in formrial use, while home(prenominal) water usage is at 8 per cent (UNESCO, 2003) water conservation becomes an important aspect in all human endeavours.There are many benefits associated with treated produced given that the recycled water can be flooded back or used in activities such as irrigation, wildlife and livestock consumption, aquaculture, industrial processes, dust control, domestic washing, generating power in addition to fire control (Veil et al, 2004). Water recycles and reuse policy give go a long way in alleviating the water shortage problem experienced in many parts of the world. Bearing in mind the benefits that human population can get from produced water, this rise examines the processes, advantages and disadvantages of ion shift and Reverse osmosis technologies used in treatment of produced water both onshore and offshore.The process of ion convert involves the replacement of dissolved components by attachment to an electro-statically charged ion exchange material that in most cases has man-made rosin. The Ion exchange process is a reversible chemical reaction that leads to the replacement of positively or negatively charged ions in the water with corresponding charged ions available within the resin sites. The ions on the resin must be replaced periodically when they are exhausted by recharging with more replacement Ions. A key factor in the process is the fact that the chemical composition of water solutions must be electrically neutral which is the reason why ions in the resin bed are always exchanged with ions of kindred charge present in the water ensuring that during the exchange process no reduction in ions occurs (Arthur, Langhus & Patel, 2005).Ion exchange process has been traditionally used to remove water hardness ions such as calcium and milligram by substituting them those of sodium and chloride for many years. When applied in oil and gas produced

How We Live and Die Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How We Live and Die - Assignment Example1. Artificial haemoglobin is a critical innovation, because it volition solve blood supply problems and help save lives in the future. Its production, however, remains on the works, which means that in the meantime, we rescue to still rely on blood donations as one of the ways of giving and receiving blood.2. knowledge of the role of the circulatory system is crucial in understanding exhalation, because it affects the human heart rate. A unspoilt heart can exhale the bad air out and exhaling properly should also be emphasises in breathing exercises.3. The formula for blood pressure will be all-important(a) in understanding how to have a healthy heart, because it defines the factors that affect it. Knowing these factors for each person will help them understand come-at-able underlying circulatory problems.1. I changed my mind that breathing is a simple matter, because it involves interdependent relationships among the respiratory, circulat ory and spooky systems. If the brain is not working, the heart and lungs will not work properly too. At the same time, peck with circulatory and respiratory problems can also affect how their brain works, especially when the brain needs 20% of total body oxygen consumption.3. I now believe that second-hand smoke truly kills, since breathing involves numerous bodily systems, so if we fall out smoky air from others, this poisonous air pollutes too many important body organs and tissues.2. I want to read on devices that can help people breathe better, when they have lung, brain, or circulatory issues, because I want to know how far technology has come to recapitulate or support human

Comparative business cultures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

proportional business cultures - Assignment Example(Mansfield & Pevehouse, 2000) A multicultural organization consists mainly of 6 key features to wit pluralism, structural incorporation, complete amalgamation of unofficial networks, elimination of discrimination and preconceived notion, equivalent recognition of organizational objectives with entirely the diverse teams and nominal amount of inter-team conflicts (Cox, 1991). Learned behavior and their consequences been shared or transmitted via those members of the society. (Linton, 1954) Certain companies progress to created an organizational architecture and model of business behavior which seems innovative in its design and is unparalleled in business (Cole 1995). The purpose of the study is to ensure that the contribution of human behavior is towards the organizational growth which enables to hand greater efficiency. (Scholte, 2005) Malaysian culture of business is quite several(predicate) than other Asian countries like ch ina, India, lacquer etc. (Beeson, 2000) Features of Multicultural Organization In the following paragraph we are going to discuss closely all the six features of a multicultural organization Pluralismrefers to the mixed group of members in an organization and it similarly means taking proper measures to involve all the employees entirely that are different in hurt of the central group dominating the organization.. There are a number of options for practicing acculturation within the organization, among which the nearly well-known being 1. An unilateral procedure by which members of the minority culture take on the set and norms of the principal group within the workplace (this is called assimilation) 2. A course of action by which both mass and minority members of different cultural backgrounds accept some customs and rules of the other group (this is known as pluralism) 3. A state of affairs where there is modest scope of variation from each of the culturally different grou ps (this situation is referred to as cultural separatism). 4. Diversity trainingmanagerial endeavor to inform and instruct presidentship and employee about diversitys advantages to the organization (Kreitz, 2007) The concept of acculturation on the other hand is link up to the cultural (customs and attitudes) characteristic of amalgamation of the diverse teams, as contrasting to simply make themselves physically usable in the same setting (Buenker & Ratner, 2005, pp.18-20). undecomposed structural integrationAn organization generally comprises of people from divers(a) backgrounds and different locations. This involves dealing out with educational specializations and the variations in expertise and treating those evenly all done the organization. Full integration of informal networksintegration in informal networks in a multicultural organization is fostered through supervising and mentoring programs, particular social occasions and sustaining the cultural groups for the minori ties. This element focuses on the stages of enclosure of the minority-culture employees in eat/dinner gatherings, athletic and golf outings, and social associations conducted and repeated by organizational managers. It also takes into account the facets of rede and several other informal developmental aspects within organizations. (Taggart & McDermott 1993) Absence of Prejudice Any kind of prejudice or bias is

Week 5 disc 2 Can Government Create an Economic Recovery Essay

Week 5 disc 2 Can Government Create an Economic Recovery - Essay ExampleThe scotch crisis during his tenure was caused by among other factors the collapse of the Stock Exchange in October 1929 failure of the banks to cushion customers gold by insuring the cash reduced purchasing power and drought (Robbins, 2007).According to Robbins (2007), President Hoovers administration announced practical and affordable plans aimed to balance the Federal spending reform the financial field reduce taxes and increase public works budget. Even though, these steps were gradual they had the potential to turn-around the American parsimoniousness in the long-run, as opposed to the New Deal under FDR.The wide Depression of 1930s and the Great Recession of (2007-2009) are similar in the sense that they led to massive job cuts and a wounded private sector (Grabell, 2012). The governments response eight decades ago draws similarities to the current economic remark programs aimed at empowering the pri vate sector by creating much job opportunities and bringing the private sector subscribe to life, almost instantaneously.Although, the two programs are believed to have eased budget shortfalls, especially for the private sector as a way of triggering the creation of more job opportunities, government spending is not the most useful way to deal with a major recession. The New Deal was more effective in restoring economy, since it was more

Human Resource Management (report writing) Assignment

Human Resource Management (report writing) - Assignment ExampleIt has been in surgery for about eight old age now and has dominated the sector since its formation until presently new and more than competitive companies argon coming on the scene. The main business they do is to memorize over the conduct arm of large companies on the contract basis. Their main duty is to ensure employees of these companies are transported to and from their exitplaces everyday. They have a large number of buses they use in performing this task.When it comes to recruitment of workers the first step the company take is to first advertise the vacancy (ies) on the media and give a period of time for interested applicators to pass for whatever position they want to fill up. Qualified applicants are then invited for interviewing. The result of the interview determines whether or non the applicant has a better chance of been employed. After the interview the officials, Officials in charge sit overm aster and analyze each individual and potentials so as to be able to select the best among them to occupy whatever vacancy they apply for. The basis they use in determining whether or not both(prenominal)one is qualified for the job, depends on the position the person applied for. In a transport company such as this, the main group of employees would be the drivers responsible for driving the vehicles, engineers responsible for the maintenance of the vehicles and the administrators including managers. In recruiting drivers for instance, some of the things they look out for include, genuine driving licenses, certificate of completion of a driving school, Non-taker of any tell of alcoholic substances. There are some other qualities also that the drivers are supposed to have which runs through the other two groups, that is the engineers and the administrators. These qualities include hard working, time consciousness and dedicative amongst others.The people in charge of the intervi ew are able to identify whether or not the applicants have these qualities elaborated above through how the applicants addresses questions thrown to them. Those applying to work in the engineering department are also evaluate to have at least a high national diploma in engineering or higher depending on the position the applicant is applying for. They are also to have a minimum working experience of two to three years in their field. How applicants to this criterion are also expected to posses the above-mentioned general qualities. Applicants for positions in the administrative section are also expected to posses certain potentials in addition to the general ones every worker is expected to have. These potentials also vary depending on the section of administrative work the applicant want to serve in. It could be finance, Human resource management amongst others. But one has to have at least a higher national diploma in whatever section of administration the applicant wants to ser ve. For the applicants in the engineering and administrative sections, the interviewing stage serves as the selection stage also, where qualified are fully employed afterwards.In the lineament of the drivers the process is quite different. They are recruited

Organizational behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational behavior - look for Paper Examplerence to the values regarding the management of the organization and embacing the spirit of mutual trust and respect among completely levels of employees depart set the foundation for employee hapiness (Rook, pg. 254). This will come through constant communication to the leaders on the importance of uphelding the values of the organization. Good job design and work content will ease trading operations and reduce job stress leading to greater appreciation. Proper staffing by adopting excellent recruitment methods will assist in having the right people for the various jobs resulting to reduced ineficiencies that prevents excessive supervision. Good work relationships checker low chances of conflicts between workers. All theses steps will amount to employee satisfaction leading to happy business environment free from conflict and characterized by greater co-ordination.Fair evaluation of performance refers to a authoritative approach used in assessing the performance of employees in an organization (Rynes, Gerhart and Parks 571). This considers important factors such as employee level of education, training and experience. A fairly, conducted evaluation exercise uphelds the principle of equity by treating all employees equally and appropriately targeting the specific attributes desired and within the goals and objectives of the organization.Every organization that aims at ensuring high motivation in its employees provides rewards and fee depending on the level of performance of the individual employees. A fair evaluation system enables the society to identify the right individuals performing well and pushing the organizations agenda (Rynes, Gerhart and Parks 571). If the compensation goes to the right persons then this will improve the morale leading to increased innovation and productivity. A low evaluation system will not identify the right persons and this will demoralize the hardworking employees causa tion poor performance. With an unfair evaluation system, it is

Undertake project work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Undertake regard work - Assignment ExampleThis pull up stakes exhibit whether the product is a success or a failure deep down the commercialize.The period for the project will be three months. a period in which the project will research on the market viability, strengths as well as weakness of the product, inclusive of the consumer reception of the new brand within the Indian market.The project follows the right standards of ethics in research. This means that it will consider all the necessitate steps in conducting a research project, such as freedom of choice by participants, respecting the hiding and choice of participants, as well as giving accurate data for use in the psychoanalysis phase of the project.The project requires both financial and intellectual assets in order to undertake appropriately. this includes an experienced team of researchers, project managers, marketing professionals, market analysts, as well as adequate financial resources to undertake the replete (p) project work appropriately. This includes money for the research, money for transport, and money to carry out the various analyses necessary to wind up the research.Please nominate the clients, employees or team responsible for the projects. Here students should outline each person or teams responsibilities in order to complete the project. The teams responsibilities should be aligned with the craved outcomes in the project. You may use the table belowThe young ones are equally an important market segment of the company. As such, this market segment needs particular attention in order identify its tastes and preferences, trends, as well as other likes that contribute largely to market viability and growth.The teenagers are the most users of batty drinks, especially owing to their fast transformation from children to adulthood. This is the point when many young ones transform in all ways, especially

Applying Standardized Terminologies in Practice Essay - 3

Applying Standardized Terminologies in Practice - Essay Examplef bedside patient cautiousness of a boy with tonsillitis to help assess the significance of like nurse informatics terminologies and the related NANDA, NIC and NOC (Nolan, 2004).Cavendish (2001) defines standardized nursing Terminologies or language is like a commonality language among nurses, readily understood by all the nurses, to describe particular patient heraldic bearing (American Nurses Association, 2006a). It provides practicing nurses with a common ways of communication extracurricular the normal communication languages. It is important that nursing practitioners confirm their understanding of such terminologies into their work. The application of standardized nursing terminologies for documentation of home care or nursing care is important both to the direct/bedside care and to the nurse nursing profession (Nolan, 2004).Johnson, Maas & Moorhead (2000) outlines that tonsillitis is a common bacterial infect ion among children and adolescents and very less with adults. Because of its common nature, especially during winter and other cold months, there are a plethora of records, data and selective information about its diagnosis and care especially among children and adolescents. Subsequently, American Nurses Association (2006a) acknowledges that there are standardized terminologies that nurses essential master. In addition, the situation also exists Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) and in Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) with definite standardized language (Cavendish, 2001).According to Johnson et al. (2000), NANDA classifies tonsils under the broad category of patients with impaired swallowing and throat infections. NANDA defines this category as conditions with abnormal swallowing function mechanism or associated with deficits in pharyngeal, oral, or esophageal function or social organisation (Cavendish, 2001). According to NANDA, such infections and impaired functio n are common with children, particularly in wet or cold months of winter. However, it should never be a surprise if

Healthy People 2020 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Healthy People 2020 - seek ExampleUnarguably, the global landscape is an authoritative factor when considering global wellness. The matter becomes significantly more important when getting down to a direction and possible steps to be involved in securing these goals, specially in the presence of hard facts and ground realities. Global health is of immense importance to the United States imputable to its ability to transcend the physical borders of states and enter the US thereby threatening the health and security of the American population. Initially, the concern regarding global health has focused on the providence and availability of superior health bursting charge systems and technologies in the developing and underdeveloped countries. Generous donations have provided with the monetary support for dealing with high compose diseases and fundamental technologies yet there is a need for a more lasting identification of the people of health care issues. Koh, Piotrowski, Kumanyi ka and Fielding (2011) recognize the significance of global health in encouraging uttermost success pertaining to public health issues through greater data accessibility, better target setting procedure, get-at-able strategic goals, and quality health measures. Since the health of the American population is closely linked with global health, health care reform laws passed within recent years can provide new opportunities for the promotion of health and wellness within national borders and beyond so as to yield a healthier creation community by 2020 and hence a healthier America.

Job and Work Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

task and Work Analysis - Research Paper ExampleThese methods include as task inventory, technical conference, business concern element methods, threshold trait abstract system, competency conference, and a combination of any two or more of these methods (Hartley, D.E., 1999). Job analysis takes into account the entire process of collecting and recording job-related data i.e. knowledge and skills needful for the effective slaying of the expectations of a job, duties and responsibilities involved, educational qualifications and the general experience recommended and the physical and emotional qualifications necessary to perform a job as desired. It is usually conducted to attain the specific information regarding qualifications of individuals to ensure debut of a right fit between job and employee, to perfectly assess action of an employee, to come up with the right determinants on the worth of any particular tasks, and give analysis of the training and development requirement s of the employees who be charged with the responsibilities of delivering their specific jobs. For instance, this task undergoes through sections, with the first one being the determination of the worth of the particular job at hand. The second step would be to analyze whether the selected soulfulness is capable of delivering as is anticipate or determining if he/she is perfect for the job. Collection of other crucial facts and figures about the job much(prenominal) as location, department/ division, job duties, compensation grade, routine tasks, MIS tasks, reporting structure, being able to effectively correct to the given environment, individual presentations e.t.c., are also to be factored in. All these partaking are for the purposes of increasing personnel as well as enhancing the organizational productivity (Sidney, F. & Steven C., 1999). This is diagrammatically illustrated as shown in the figure below distributively of the five categories in the job analysis has specifi c functions to carry out. Under the performance analysis, job analysis is conducted to give a check on the merits of goals and objectives of any particular job with regards to the standards set. This step helps in devising prompt decisions on the best and realistic performance standards, evaluation criteria and individuals output. The overall employee performance is measured, and accordingly appraised. Recruitment and selection, as another task in job analysis, facilitates the determination of the kind of individuals recommended for the performance of any particular job. Selection and recruitment points out on the educational merits, levels of experience and technical, emotional and own(prenominal) skills necessary to conduct a job as per the standards required with the main objective of ensuring the right person at the right position. Training and development needs assessment of all employees is a factor that all(prenominal) organization should undertaken, and the difference bet ween actual output and the set targets determined. This technique helps in making proper(ip) decisions regarding the necessary training contents, and the best tools and equipments to be used during the training exercise.

Sexism is alive and well in the English language Essay

Sexism is hot and well in the English language - Essay ExampleSexist language can be deliberate, concealed or controlled. The deliberate use of obvious and overtly derogatory discriminatory terminology is in general considered discriminatory and is patently unfair treatment of women as compargond to men. The intention of concealed sexism is also deliberate and discriminatory but the delivery is of a covert nature. Controlled sexism is subtle and more usually not intended to be disparaging or harmful. This type of sexist language is integrated into societys everyday speech, is considered to be normal and is not recognized by most people as the unfair or unsymmetrical treatment of women it is. Subtle sexism is particularly interesting from both theoretical and practical perspectives because it may be instead prevalent, and may have an insidious impact on its victims. Sexism as it exists in language is a controlled means of speaking that perpetuates gender stereotypes and reinfor ces status disparities between men and women. Those less sensitive to sexism as a in all tend not to define the demeaning terms they use as sexist language. These people are of the opinion that sexist language does not exist or are either consciously or subconsciously trying to safeguard traditional patriarchal social hierarchies. Those persons more receptive to sexism and the harm it causes do attempt to adjust their speech patterns so as not to offend. People may use sexist language simply because the use is habitual and they find it hard to alter terms or phrases apply most or all of their lives.

Discuss the role of magistrate and jurors in the legal decision-making Essay

Discuss the utilisation of magistrate and jurors in the legal decision-making process - study ExampleConsider the disadvantages of the services that the magistrates and jurors provide in the legal decision-making. The contribution of magistrates and jurors to the legal decision-making will be assessed based on the consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the services they provide in the legal decision-making. Courts and Legal Services minute 1990- includes provisions on appointments of District Judges and the coquets procedure, particularisedally in respect to distribution of gracious vexation between the County Courts and High Court. The Contempt of Court Act 1981- states that disclosure of anything that took place in the jury way of life amounts to a contempt of court and is therefore a criminal offence. Juries Act 1974- consolidates particular enactments relating to jury service, jurors, and juries with improvements and corrections made under the Consolidation of Enactments Act 1949. The Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007- contains fundamental legal procedures and courts structure Condron v UK (2001) 31 EHRR 1- provides an example of how magistrates and jurors legal decision-making process can lead to breach of human rights. ... Summary of the arguments that point egress that, indeed, the magistrates and jurors play a very critical role in the legal decision-making process. Question 2 inception The magistrates and jurors play a very important role in the resolution of both criminal and civilised cases (Elliott and Frances, 2008, p. 12). For over 1000 years, jurors exhaust formed a fundamental part of the English Legal dodging and have played very important role in the legal matters resolution for many centuries (Slapper and David, 2001, p. 35). Similarly, magistrates have also been playing a very instrumental role in resolving criminal and civil cases and have in recent years become extensively important in many of the cases in the English Legal System. The jurors form a jury an arrangement that is made up of a specific number of ordinary individuals who are called for service on any legal matter (Forsterlee & Horowitz, 1997, p. 307). Jurors main role is to bring their perspective to a case as lay person with no knowledge of law. Jurors mingle their common sense, wisdom, and experience to decide the facts relating to a particular case in order to reach a verdict (Cownie et al, 2007, p. 51). It is worth noting that jurors simply decide the verdict and not the law the jury decides the question of the defendant guilt while the judge decides on the point of law. In respect to magistrates, they are topical anesthetic passel volunteering their services. Magistrates do not have formal legal qualifications and are chosen based on their local knowledge. They sit in the magistrates court as a bench of two or three magistrates (Sanders and Young, 2004, p. 97). The court trial involves several processes. The i nitial process within

Critical Path - Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

comminuted Path - Project Management - Assignment ExampleThis process provides us a original measure taken by the get wind. For assessing the total clock we use above mentioned methods to find out the main bear finis and development time. Through this time we obtain a childbed time line for the project execution. Here we also assign appropriate sequence to each operation of the project. Through these assigned activity sequencing, the expansion of a project network diagram is developed. This procedure is pretty time intense if stainless with hand. Luckily, there are development organization software tools that bay window build network illustrations although there can be an illustration where we have to perform it by hand. One of the main causes for building a aim organization network drawing is to decide the elasticity inside the network (Kerzner, 2006) and (Field & Keller, 2007).Total float is the time obtainable for holding-up an activity devoid of delay wipeout Date o f the plan. The entire float of a travail is then the biggest probable delay in finishing of this task that will not reason a delay in the achievement of the whole project. This recommends the subsequent instinctive notion (Kerzner, 2006) and (Burke, 1999)The process of the determining the total float of a project activity involves the assessment of the total delaying an activity with no delay end Date of the plan. The total float of a project activity is the largest possible delay in the completion of that task that will not cause a delay in the accomplishment of the whole project (Kerzner, 2006).The assessment of the critical path provides a better overview of the project duration and more critical activates as well as their management. In the assessment of the critical activates of the project we determine their total float. Total float of the project if equal to zero then that activity denotes as the critical activity (Gray & Larson, 2006).The CP (critical path) is the best ti mes path in the course of the network

Death of a Salesman and Fences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

finish of a Salesman and Fences - Essay Example at that place indeed is a highly valid reason for stating so. In both(prenominal) the plays, these characters, Willy in Death of a Salesman and Troy of Fences have negative shades, for they not good are obsessed with the past at the personify of neglecting the present, but they ( vex characters) also share a highly hostile relationship with their respective sons. It is not just that both Willy and Troy denote as being impediments in terms of the goals of their sons. (1) In fact, in Death of a Salesman Willys obsession with the past is so high that he reaches the stage where, he is ineffective to draw a line between reality and fantasy. Perhaps, the most prominent common feature of the characters (of fathers) is that, both do not have a respectable position in the society. (1) After that, it indeed would be worthwhile in having a look at the characters of sons Biff in Death of a Salesman and Cory in Fences. As mentioned earlier, bot h Biff and Cory are the victims of the day-dreaming of their respective fathers. It also has to be noted that, solely because of the put on approach adopted by Willy and Troy, hitherto Biff and Cory have been subjected to severe mental conflict. As a matter of fact, Biff is redeemed of this mental turmoil only later onward he musters the needed fortitude to rebel against Willys dominant approach. However, it is observed that, notwithstanding all the unpleasant experiences, Biff still has a soft corner for his father. This is evident from the words that he speaks at the funeral of his father there were a grant of nice days. Also, Biff adds that the intentions of Willy were good, and it is just that the dreams were erroneous. (1) When the play Fences is taken, the unpleasant relationship shared by Cory with his father is clear by the words spoken by the causation You aint never gave me nothing You aint never make nothing but hold me back. Afraid I was gonna be better than you. All you ever did was analyse and make me scared of you. Cory is aware that, apart from creating fear in his mind, Troy has done nothing else for him scorn the fact that Cory has lot of talent for playing baseball, Troy never permits him to make a mark for himself in this game. And similar to Death of a Salesman even in Fences the son gets his total freedom only after his fathers death. (1) When the characters of the sons are considered in both the plays, one surely notes a key difference. In the play Death of a Salesman Biff thinks about his father in a positive manner, after the latters death. But when Fences is considered, Cory expresses no such sentiments. On the contrary, it is seen that he is highly reluctant to even attend the funeral. Owing to these points, it can conveniently be inferred that, when both Willy and Troy are compared, it is only the former who is having at least a few positives. That is why his son was able to pay respects at the funeral. On the other hand, Cory has nothing but utter dislike for his father. (1) Now, the focus needs to shift on to examining the characters of Linda, wife of Willy, and Rose, the spouse of Troy. To begin with, it has to be stated that Willy and Troy do not have a sound relationship not only with the sons, but also with their respective spouses. Also, both of them (Willy and Troy) indulge in adultery. In Death of a Salesman though Linda is unaware about the extra-marital affair of her husband, yet his adulterous acts identify upon their relationship. This can be understood by an example. When Willy

Understanding the Principles and Practises of Assessment Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Principles and Practises of Assessment EssayAssessment is the process of measuring the achievement of learners. It is an obvious counselling of checking that culture has taken place and is a good way of measuring the learners intimacy and practical skills that they have learnt. It is important for the assessor to initi anyy establish whether the learner has any specific learning needs so that they fuel prepargon to support the learner in whichever way they feel necessary. discipline and development be closely connected. The learner needs guidance in order to understand what it is they are required to learn, in any case to check that they are on track and also ways in which they discount improve. This is gener totallyy where formative judgment comes into play.Formative sound judgment is go ford whilst learners are developing their skills and can also be useful throughout their course. It gives the assessor the opportunity to provide the learner with constructive feedback which they can use to improve their future performances. It also allows the learner to build on their strengths and learn from mistakes by listening to the assessors feedback, preparing them for summative assessment. Summative assessment is used when the students are up to a standard where they can carry out an assessment without any support or guidance. This should be up to industry standards and blameless to commercial timing. By this stage there should be very few, if any areas for improvement and the learner must(prenominal) have a very strong underpinning knowledge of the subject.(AC 1.2)Define the key concepts and principles of assessmentIt is vital that assessment has to be honorable, consistent and valid to checker all learners have an equal chance of receiving a fair assessment. An assessor should not be swayed to give a learner an easier assessment because they favour them or on grounds of gender, race, sexual orientation or religious beliefs the assessment process should be the same for both learner and purely judged on their knowledge, skill and competence within their subject area. There may be occasions where the assessment process has to be adapted to suit learners individual needs however this liquid should eventually lead to the same outcome. In order for an assessment to be fair the assessor should clearly identify to the learner what outcomes are being assessed so that there is no area for confusion surrounded by the learner and assessor. Assessors should take guidance from the prize body that they work alongside for the assessment criteria, for example in my area of work I have to abide by the criteria that is set out by VTCT.To ensure that the evidence is sufficient the learner should successfully cover all of the criteria set out by the awarding body and by the industry in which they are working. The most reliable way to ensure that an assessment is valid and reliable is for the assessor to observe a studen t first hand. This is the clearest way for the assessor to be sure that the student possesses the knowledge that is shown in their work and that it has not been copied from another source. This evidence should also be current, so therefore the assessor would need to have witnessed this within a reasonable timeframe as things budge so frequently. It is important for assessors to ensure that they are up to date with current trends and changes within their industry and all assessors are required to keep up to date with continual professional development. It is also vital that all assessors are assessing to the same standard, this is usually monitored and updated during team standardisation meetings which should be carried out regularly.(AC 1.3)Explain the responsibilities of the assessorAn assessor should firstly fully understand the standards and requirements they are working to. This means that all assessors should be fully do to the required standard within their industry and shou ld regularly attend team standardisation meetings to ensure they are assessing to the same standards as other assessors.

The world of programming Essay Example for Free

The world of program EssayIn the world of programming today, open source is one world that has made a great impact all around the world. Programmers all over the world have two on the whole different schools of thoughts. One of them states that the applied science should be easy to use, and less functions that can be programmed easily, whereas on the some other hand, second school of thoughts propose that there has to be high amount of flexibility regardless of the fact, how much(prenominal) the programming or coding scenario gets complex. The open source refers to the technology that has all the ingredients taken in a programming language disclosed, or in other words a programmer discloses what he has performed during his ontogeny of software. The article that is discussed in this paper has the title Build Your Own Messaging Application in coffee berry with jYMSG. The technology that is referred in this article is chocolate based, which is an open source.The social netwo rk evolution has changed a pass around of trend and instant messaging has become an essential part of everyday life. The referred article discuses a radical integration of Java technology with Yahoo Instant Messenger. Java is a platform independent technology that can run from a Mac book to a cell phone to home computers and laptops. The integration of this technology can be very useful because people can be in invoke with their friends on yahoo messenger regardless if they are using a laptop or a computer or any other device.This increases the creation of values as the needs of individuals are finish through development of an open source Yahoo messenger based on Java technology. and so the third principle of reshaping is fulfilled over here. References Kulvir Singh Bhogal, (2006). Build Your Own Messaging Application in Java with jYMSG. Retrived from http//www. devx. com/Java/Article/22546/1954

Essay About Biology Essay Example for Free

Essay nigh Biology EssayMost mass have to choose subjects that are necessary for there future(a) jobs and concentrate on them. scarcely there is always some secret desire to know much about some particular things. If I could study a subject that I have neer had the opportunity to study I would choose Anatomy which is a branch of Biology .First , analyse Biology is important for a number of reasons, but in particular because it is used in forevery(prenominal) field. If we did not have a good understanding of Biology then nobody would be up to(p) to understand how bodies work, and how life on earth functions . Biology has many branches including Anatomy Astrobiology Cryobiology -Entomology- Oceanography etc .. But I would like to choose Anatomy due to some reasons . Anatomy is the identification and description of the structures of life story things. It is a branch of biology and medicine which can be divided into three branches human anatomy, zootomy (animal anatom y), and phytotomy (plant anatomy). studying Anatomy not only lets you see how the world around you and your body flora, but why it works that way. It gives you the knowledge to look after your body and others around you , lets you understand things you might never have through with(p) before, and helps you to learn and understand the structures and functions of the major body systems. Also It allows us to build and improve technology that allows people to be cured from illnesses or diseases and allows a society to obtain better overall well-being and health. last , Without biology there would be no doctors. There would be no hospitals and there would be no real way to help people with the problems that they experience with their body. It is because of the progression of biological studies that the worlds population is healthier than ever before. For this reason I think Its incredibly important for biology to continue being studied with its non-homogeneous branches in schools, u niversities , colleges and all over the world .

The Almanac of American Politics (2008) Essay Example for Free

The Almanac of American government activity (2008) Essaypresidential option results (2000, 2004)The following pages are quoted verbatim from the Almanac of American Politics, 2006 editionAmerican regime has devolved into a grim battle between two approximately equal-size armies in a take-no-prisoners culture war. In 2000, those armies fought to a near-drawout of more than cytosine million b bothots cast, the presidency of the United States hinged on a breathtakingly slim 537-vote valuation account in Florida. Four years later on, despite the occurrence of a recession, two wars, and a devastating terrorist tone-beginning on American soil, the two adversaries bear on fairly heretoforely divided. In the wake of an acrimonious election where some(prenominal) governmental parties together spent roughly $4 billion on the federal elections the crisis spilled all(prenominal)where into different areas of American politics health and wel far-offe spending, handling of the eco nomy, and the continued occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan (Barone and Cohen, 2006)State penNEW JERSEYState visibilityThe following data and information almost this state is taken from the 2006 Almanac of American Politics. in the raw tee shirt boomed in the 1980s, suffered sharply in the early 1990s recession, came covert unvoicedly, and is now weathering the hi-tech storms with mixed success.At A GlanceSize 8,721 square milesPopulation in 2000 8,414,350 94.3% urban 5.7% ruralPopulation in 1990 7,730,188Population Change Up 8.6% 1990-2000 Up 5.0% 1980-1990Population cast 9th of 50 3.0% of total U.S. populationMost Populous Cities new-sprung(prenominal)-fashionedark (277,911) tee shirt City (239,097) Paterson (150,782) Elizabeth (123,215) Trenton (85,314)Registered Voters 1,163,224 D (23.2%) 884,801 R (17.7%) 2,957,934 unaffiliated and minor parties (59.1%)State Senate 22 D 18 RState General gather 49 D 31 RState Legislative Term demarcations NoKey elective formalised sGov. Jon Corzine (D)Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D)Sen. Robert Menendez (D)Representatives (6 D, 6 R, 1 V)Robert Andrews(D-01)Loida Nicolas Lewis(D-02)Jim Saxton(R-03)Chris Smith(R-04)Scott Garrett(R-05)Frank P every last(predicate)one(D-06)Michael Ferguson(R-07) crest Pascrell(D-08)St even off Rothman(D-09)Donald Payne(D-10)Rodney Frelinghuysen(R-11)Rush Holt(D-12)Vacantformerly Robert Menendez(D-13) approximately New island of island of JerseyThe Northeast has prospicient been the nations least conservative region and off-key out the biggest bonanza for the populists in their surge to an even greater House majority in 2008 15 of the 25 seats the political party took from the GOP were in the area. Democrats say this reverse alignment counterbalancing the Southern shift to the GOP rolls on (The Electoral Map, 2007).A valley of humility between two mountains of conceit That is what Benjamin Franklin called New Jersey, which even in colonial days was overshadowed by the metropolises o f New York and Philadelphia. New Jersey was named by King throng II, then Duke of York, for the Channel Is lower on which he was sheltered during the English Civil War. But New Jersey has much to say for itself. It is a sort of laboratory in which the best blood is prepared for other communities to thrive on, Woodrow Wilson say when he was governor, just a tad defensively.Today, New Jersey is the nations tenth nigh populous state It boomed in the 1980s, suffered sharply in the early 1990s recession, came back strongly, and is now weathering the high applied science storms with mixed success. New Jersey was the theatre of Thomas Edison and of the sexagenarian Bell Labs its successors Lucent and ATT were among its biggest employers in the 1990s. revolutionary(prenominal) big employers include several of the nations biggest pharmaceutical firmsMerck, Johnson Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Schering-Plough.These industries give the state a high-income, high-education w ork force, and in 2000 New Jersey passed Connecticut to boast the nations highest median household income. This is prosperous middle-income country, with more two-car than one-car families but fewer limousines than Manhattan, with an estimated 13,500 $1 million houses but not the multi-million dollar co-ops of Manhattan or mansions of Greenwich, Connecticut.Within New Jerseys close boundaries is great diversity, geographically from margines to mountains, demographically from old Quaker stock to new Hispanics, economically from inner city slums to hunt country mansions. though New York writers are inclined to look on New Jersey as a land of 1940s diners and 1970s shopping malls, this state much more closely resembles the rest of America than does Manhattan, even if its accents can sometimes be incomprehensible to outsiders. The Jersey City row houses seen on emerging from the Holland Tunnel, many an(prenominal) renovated by Wall Street commuters and Latin immigrants, give way withi n a few miles to the skyscrapers of Newark and its new Performing Arts Center.Farther out are comfortably packed middle-income suburbs and the horse country about Far Hills, the university township of Princeton, old industrial cities like Paterson and Trenton, and dozens of suburban towns and small milling moldry cities where throng work and raise families over generations. Among them are commuter towns like Middletown, whose commuter trails lead to Lower Manhattan, and which wooly dozens of neighbors on September 11. A year later, only 37% of New Jersey citizens said their lives had returned to normal and 29% said they would never be the same 43% said they thought about the attacks every day.New Jersey has long been a magnet for immigrants, and it is again today. In 2000, 29% of its residents were born(p) in another country or had a parent who was only California and New York stomach larger percentages of foreign-born residents. Hudson County, the land along the ridge oppos ite Manhattan, was the home to hundreds of thousands of Irish, Italian, Polish and Jewish immigrants in the early 20th century in 2003 it was 41% Hispanic, with Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans and Mexicans. Immigrants are plentiful in the little middle-American towns of Bergen County, Filipinos in Bergenfield, Guatemalans in Fairview, Koreans in Leonia, Indians in Lodi, Chinese in Palisades Park. The old central cities of Elizabeth and Paterson were half-Hispanic in 2000 and Camden, opposite Philadelphia, was 39% Hispanic. There is still a black majority in Newark, but it includes many of the Brazilians in the Ironbound district. New Jersey has all the ethnic variety that America offers.In the last two decades, a new New Jersey has sprouted. The oil tank farms and swamplands of the Jersey Meadows have become sports palaces and office complexes the Singer factory in Elizabeth, the Western Electric factory in Kearny, the Ford plant in Mahwah, the Shulton plant in Clifton are all gon e, replaced by shopping centers or hotels or other development, and the GM plant in Linden, the last New Jersey auto plant, disagreeable in April 2005 the intersection of I-78 and I-287 has become a major shopping and office edge city U.S. 1 north from Princeton to North Brunswick has become one of the nations high-tech centers.Even some of New Jerseys long-ailing central cities are perking up. New Jersey increasingly has an individualism of its own. It is the home of big league football, basketball and hockey franchisesthough after nearly three decades, two of them have be to moveand of the worlds longest expanse of boardwalks on the Jersey Shore from chimneypiece May to Sandy Hook. And New Jersey is one of Americas great fun centers Atlantic City, an hour from Philadelphia and two hours from Manhattan, had gambling revenues in 2006 ($8.2 billion) that nearly matched the Las Vegas slip of paper ($8.8 billion).State government played an important role in building New Jersey id entity and pride. In the 1970s, Governor Brendan Byrne started the Meadowlands sports complex and got cassino gambling legalized in Atlantic City. Governor Tom Kean in the 1980s started education reforms and promoted the state shamelessly. The revolt against Governor Jim Florios tax increase in 1990 was led by the first all-New Jersey talk radio station and took on content significance with the 1993 election of Christine Todd Whitman, who later became EPA Administrator. In the next decade crime and welfare rolls dropped, but auto insurance and property taxes remain the highest in the nation.New Jersey, contained within two of the nations biggest metropolitan areas, was in like manner a harbinger of the national snub in the big metro areas toward Bill Clintons Democrats. Not so long ago, suburban New Jersey was one of the most Republican of big states It voted 56%-42% for the first George Bush in 1988. But in 1996 New Jersey voters, turned off by the congressional Republicans Sou thern leaders and by the national partys opposition to abortion and gun control, voted 54%-36% for Clinton and 53%-43% for Democrat Bob Torricelli for the Senate.In 1997 Whitman, despite stark naked taxes, was reelected by only 47%-46% over little-known Democrat Jim McGreevey. In 2000 Al Gore carried the state 56%-40%. In 2001 McGreevey defeated Republican Bret Schundler for governor by 56%-42% and in 2002, after an unorthodox fight down, Democrat Frank Lautenberg defeated Republican Douglas Forrester for senator by 54%-44%very similar margins. Democrats cinched control of both houses of the general assembly in 2003.New Jerseys politicians compete in a market that is the second most expensive in the nation, because they have to buy New York and Philadelphia television. And they have a special handicap, because those stations dont give state politics and government the in-depth coverage that voters in most states can expect. This gives an advantage to well-known candidates, like f ormer Senator Bill Bradley, and to incumbents with a distinctive style and notable achievements, like Governors Byrne, Kean and Whitman, and to self-funders like Senator and gubernatorial candidate Jon Corzine.But it also means that high-income, highly educated New Jersey politics is often the business of county and city political machines, of varying degrees of competence, cronyism and corruption. It is, astonishingly, a great advantage in both parties to have the designation of the topical anaesthetic county party on the primary ballot.A 1993 campaign finance law allowed county parties to take contributions 18 times as large as candidates could, so money is increasingly raised by chairmen of parties that have control of local government and can dole out contractsthe Jersey term is pay to playand then wheeled, or doled out, to favored candidates all over the state. McGreevey, elected in 2001 after his near-defeat of Whitman in 1997, was a product of the Middlesex County Democrati c machine and served as both mayor of Woodbridge and state senatorin New Jersey, as in France, politicians can be town mayors and legislators at the same time.Second District, New Jersey2008 Congressional Election Results (Second District, New Jersey)NJ-02District Profile Politically, Atlantic City often votes Democratic but has an antique Republican machine that goes back generations.2008 Results First-timer Loida Nicolas-Lewis (D) flat out defeated Frank LoBiondo (R) by 64-31%Loida Nicolas-Lewis (R)Nicolas-Lewis was nominated with 72% in a two-way primary.Contact 212-756-8900 runnel Web siteOfficial Web siteAlmanac biographyFrank LoBiondo (D) take in 1994 Seeking eighth term LoBiondo barely emerged from the primary with 50.5% pf the vote.Contact 856-794-2004Campaign Web siteOfficial Web siteAlmanac biographyProfile of the District (Source Almanac of American Politics)When the builders of the Camden Atlantic railroad in 1852 ex turn tailed the line to the little inlet town of Ab secon, little did they know what would become Americas biggest beach resort, Atlantic City. Like all resorts, it was a product of developments elsewhere of industrialization and spreading affluence, of railroad technology and the conquest of diseases which used to make summer a time of terror for parents and doctors.In the years after the Civil War, first Atlantic City and then the whole Jersey Shore from Brigantine to Cape May became Americas first seaside resort, and Atlantic City developed its characteristic features the Boardwalk in 1870, the amusement bob in 1882, the rolling chair in 1884, salt water taffy in the 1890s, Miss America in 1921. By 1940, 16 million Americans visited every summer, Atlantic City was a common mans resort of old traditions but the place became less popular after World War II as pack could afford nicer vacations. By the early 1970s, Atlantic City was grim.Then in 1977, New Jersey voters legalized gambling casino gambling in Atlantic City and gleamin g new hotels sprang up, big name entertainers came in and Atlantic City became more glamorous than it had been in 90 years. But not for all of its residents Casino and hotel jobs tend to be low-wage, and the slums begin just feet from the massive parking lots of the casinos. In the 1990s Atlantic Citys gambling business was thrivingcasinos came out ahead $4.3 billion in 2000and huge new casinos were built on both Boardwalk and bayside.Over Donald Trumps objections, Steve Wynn won approval of a new tunnel, which would permit him to build a new casino in the marina district. Now listed among the top 10 House districts nationwide for tourist economies, Atlantic City is increase into what Las Vegas has become, not just a collection of gaudy casinos but a gaggle of theme parks, with enjoyment for the family as well as adults.The Jersey Shore south of Atlantic City is a wander of different resorts. Behind the Shore are swamp and flatland, the Pine Barrens and vegetable fields that gave New Jersey the name Garden State. Growth has been slow in these small towns and gas station intersections, communities in whose eery calmness in the summer you can hear mosquitoes whining. In the flatness, you can also find towns clustered around low-wage apparel factories or petrochemical plants on the Delaware estuary the Northeast high-tech service economy has not reached this far south in Jersey yet.This part of South Jersey makes up the 2d Congressional District. Politically, it has strong Democratic bearings in the chemical industry towns along the Delaware River and in Vineland and a strong Republican presence in Cape May Atlantic City often votes Democratic. The party carried the area in all 1990s statewide elections and won easily in the 1996 and 2000 presidential races. This is prime marginal territory, off the beat out track of Northeast politics.The IncumbentNew Jersey 2d voters finally gave seven-termer Frank LoBiondo the boot long after he had promised not to run fo r more than six terms. Even loyal Republicans angrily pass over party lines owing to a series of indiscretions and scandals. Chief of these was involvement in the Abscam scandal and the revelation that Harrahs had been the single biggest contributor to his campaigns all along. Sentiment against the Iraq war also focused on his voting account book of going along with every bill sponsored by the White House that related to funding and deployment in that country and Afghanistan.Other aspects of his legislative record that came to light in a bad way were having voted with clutches seven in eight times, agreeing to weaken ethics rules and assenting to bringing indictment hearings behind closed doors. The last straw turned out to be outtakes from the local Harrahs security cameras proving it was LoBiondo after all who had been, and still was, carrying on an affair with Vicki Iseman the telecoms lobbyist whom the New York Times had wrongly linked with John McCain.Mere proceedings after LoBiondo conceded the election in November, his wife held her own press conference to announce she was divorcing LoBiondo. The following day, a downcast ex-congressmen was seen off at the airport departing for parts unknown, muttering something about getting in a few rounds of golf with the Bushes.The 2008 Election WinnerLoida Nicolas LewisBornJuly 20, 1957FamilyHusband, Reginald (deceased) two daughtersReligionRoman Catholic rearingSt. Theresas College (Philippines), A.B. 1972 (summa cum laude)University of the Philippines, Ll.B. 1976 (summa cum laude)Harvard, J.D. 1985CareerChairman/CEO, Beatrice supranational Holdings, Inc.President, Confederation of Asian-American AssociationsImmigration lawyerElectedOfficeNone2008 New Member ProfilesNew Jerseys Second District Loida Nicolas-Lewis (D) The Almanac of American Politics National Journal Group Inc.From out of nowhere and riding a wave of anti-administration sentiment among minorities in the district, the inexperienced but highly intelligent and contrive Loida Lewis captured the imagination of voters and soundly trounced the incumbent by an infrequent 21 margin. No one was more surprised than Representative LoBiondo himself.Loida first came to national attendance and even gained a measure of fame after her husband, the famed African-American have intercourse-maker Reginald Lewis engineered a leveraged buyout of Beatrice Foods International. On completing the LBO deal with the help of Michael Milliken at Drexel Burnham Lambert, the press hailed Reginald and the flagship TLC Beatrice as the most successful African-American enterprise ever. When Reginald foundered in his choice of domestic acquisitions that would allow Beatrice to balance industry cycles in Europe and especially after Reginalds death, Loida earned the respect of minority stakeholders for her business acumen as CEO.Three months before the primaries, Loida landed in the short list of Gov. Corzine owing to her decade-long work with minority as sociations on both coasts. An informal dinner with campaign managers of Sen. Obama and President-Elect Clinton made the choice official.In the ensuing campaign, Loida Lewis proved herself a soft-spoken but very articulate and highly moral rival to the flagging and corruption-prone image of the incumbent. With unfailingly good press, unanimous support from every minority association and church group, and extremely good rapport with businessmen, Loida Lewis was happy enough to leave the mudslinging to the press. To no ones surprise, she won handily and immediately won kudos from the House leadership.THIS SECTION able FROM ALMANAC OF AMERICAN POLITICS 2008 (Almanac, 2007)CommitteesForeign Relations (10th of 11 D)European affairs African personal matters East Asian Pacific Affairs International Development Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs International Environmental Protection.Health, Education, Labor Pensions (11th of 11 D)Employment Workplace Safety Children Families.Homel and Security Governmental Affairs (8th of 9 D)Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services International Security Investigations State, Local clannish Sector Preparedness Integration.Veterans Affairs (2nd of 8 D).Group RatingsADAACLUAFSLCVITICNTUCOCACUCFG FRC2008958310010075165587020091001009563980National Journal Ratings2008 LIB 2008 CONS2009 LIB 2009 CONSECONOMIC87%12%87%0%SOCIAL77%18%77%21%FOREIGN76%15%85%12%Key Votes Of The 109th Congress 1Bar ANWR DrillingY2FY06 Spending CurbN3Estate Tax RepealN4Raise Minimum WageY5Recognize Filipino WW2 veteransY6Path to CitizenshipY7Bar similar Sex MarriageY8Stem Cell Research $N9Limit Interstate AbortionY10CAFTAY11Urge Iraq WithdrawalY12Provide Detainee RightsYReferencesAlmanac (2007) Almanac of American politics 2008. National Journal.Barone, M. and Cohen, R. E. (2006) The almanac of American politics, 2006. Retrieved February 29, 2008 from http//www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/161479.ctl.The Electo ral Map (2007) Do Democrats still have room for growth in the northeast? Retrieved February 29, 2008 from http//theelectoralmap.com/2007/11.

Real Reason People Wont Change Essay Example for Free

Real Reason People Wont Change EssayThe solid reason pile wont interpolate is an hold by Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey. The article was egressset published in November 2001 in Harvard Business Review. The article describes and summarize closely the personal immunity of citizenry that resist them from cosmos transferd. The real reason people wont change is not due to lack of skill and late perpetration within them merely it is due to transcendental competing commitment followed by large-minded assumptions. For some, the need is confidence-building, for others its port change or skill development. But sometimes, no matter how hard a person tries, their be on remains inexplicably stalled. The situation can be as frustrating to bosses, colleagues, and family members as it is to the individual. Organizational psychologists Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey developed the surmise of a competing commitment to explain what they term personal immunity to change. Co mpeting commitments are long held be remainf that has move an integral part of their make up so that it is difficult to change. When these beliefs are let outed, change is possible.And it is still unbent that some people opt not to disrupt their immunity to change, choosing instead to continue their fruitless pare against their competing commitments. The competing commitments cause even the valued employee to be deplete in inexplicably and irremediable way. It is a subconscious hidden mark of the people that conflicts with their stated commitments. Many of these competing commitments are base on long-held beliefs that are an integral part of their descend so they can be difficult to change.Some casings of competing commitments are Dragging champions feet on an assignment because one wants to debar a next tougher assignment or future lack of work. * Avoiding teamwork or meetings because one wants to avoid the conflict that is associated with it. * Using sarcastic disruptive humor to keep oneself at a distance from a work group you may not want to be associated with.The article is a psychological abridgment and research astir(predicate) the reason that resist people from being changed. The research of the article is mainly fearfulness about uncovering the hidden competing commitment and unearthing great(p) ssumptions. It is not an easy task to uncover the hidden commitment but author has suggested to go through the set of questions. They have developed 3 point processes to help organizations to figure out whats getting on way to change? 1. Manager guides employees to uncover competing commitments through the set of questions. 2. Employees examine these commitments to determine underlying assumptions. 3. Start the process of changing behavior. The author presents the example of John who is a talented manager at a software company.Though he is an outspoken communicative type and values close relationship with others, because of his racial group he could not hearty integrated with the team even if he wanted. He believed that if he became well integrated with the team, it would threaten his sensation of loyalty to his own racial group betraying his family and friends. John was genuinely committed to working with team but he had a powerful hidden competing commitment keeping him distance. Another example cited in the article is that of Helen, a manager at manufacturing company.Though she was committed to increase the production of the product she could not succeed. She had an unacknowledged commitment of maintaining confederate relationship with her boss Andrew. She thought that she would me more a peer than a subordinate so wouldnt be up to the task. The article also describes about the big assumptions. Every employee who sightly does not change had a hidden commitment because of the assumptions resulting from the competing commitment. Some leaders assume that they would be unwieldy if they couldnt solve all the puzzles that come up.Even if they have a commitment to hearing from subordinates and maximize the flow of in orchestrateation, they had a competing commitment to not learning about things that he cant do. Competing commitment and big assumptions are the real reason that causes people resist to change. Kegan and Laheys recommended solution for diagnosing this resistance to change is based on guiding individuals through a set of questions to uncover competing commitments.For example 1. What would you like to see changed at work, so that you could be more effective or so that work would be more pleasant? 2. What beliefs or commitments are implied by this recommended change? 3. What are you doing or not doing, that is keeping your beliefs or commitments to change from being fully realized? 4. What if you were to imagine doing the opposite of what you are currently doing, would that cause discomfort, worry or vague fear? 5. What if you were to actually carry out this opposite behaviour, what o utcomes are you trying to prevent? The first question responses the flush which we mostly talk about. tom turkey, a manager grumbled, my subordinates keep me out of the loop.The responses are the complaint which the most managers bemoan because of its negative and unproductive tone. The second question responses complaint what people care about most. tom turkey said I believed in open and candid communication. Its a commitment of the Tom to shared decision making. Once the commitments of people are found, third question is identifying the undermining behavior that prevented them from being fulfilled. Tom admitted When people bring bad news, I tend to shoot the messenger. Next question is about release in the opposition of the undermining behavior.Tom concluded Im afraid Ill hear about a problem that I cant fix, something that I cant do anything about. After all, the final exam step is to transform that passive fear into a statement that reflects an active commitment to prevent ing certain outcomes. The resulting answer to this final question is the competing commitment which lies at the very heart of a persons immunity to change. These commitments usually involve protecting yourself from things like, not being in control, having to follow someone elses decisions, having to go along with decisions you dont like, not having to deal with problems you cant fix and so on.Once people uncover their competing commitments, big assumption can be easily found out. If people inverted the beginning of the sentences of competing commitment, and then filled out the sentence then assumption can be identified. For e. g. the assumption of Tom is I assume that if I did hear about problems I cant fix, people would discover Im not qualified to do my job. This is a difficult process, and it doesnt happen all at once, because admitting to big assumptions makes people uncomfortable.After identifying competing commitment and big assumptions, Kegan and Lahey had recommended five travel on how to take action to overcome immunity to change. Notice and record current behavior It is about making a note of what does and doesnt happen as a result of holding assumptions to be true. This gives people the opportunity to develop a better appreciation for how and in what contexts big assumptions influence their lives. Look for perverted evidence Employees must look actively for experiences that might cast doubt on the validity of their big assumptions.When John looked around him, he considered for the first time that an African-American manager in another subdivision had strong working relationships with her mostly white colleagues, yet seemed not to have compromised her personal identity. Explore the biography It is exploring how and when assumptions took hold, and how long the self-protective stance has been employed Test the assumption It considers making changes in ones behaviour and test out if assumptions are validated practice in safe environments or where one can extricate oneself passably quickly if it becomes too uncomfortable.This is the first time people consider making changes in their behavior. Evaluate the results The final step is to check out the result and look for more effective ways to operate in future. This is worth nothing that revealing a big assumption does not necessarily mean it leave be exposed as false. But even if big assumption contains the elements of truth, an individual can frequently find more effective way to operate once he or she has had a play to challenge the big assumption. The process of challenging and uncovering the competing commitment and unfolding personal immunity to change takes a period of time.Competing commitments should not be seen as a weakness but some form of self-protection which is a normal form of human instinct. The reasons people are protecting themselves usually lie in some deeply-rooted beliefs about themselves and the world around them. These competing commitments usually ar ise from some big assumptions we have made about the world. People rarely realize they hold assumptions because they accept them as reality. So its inevitable to uncover our hidden commitment and big assumptions that has been distance us away from change.

British Airways Essay Example for Free

British Airways EssayGoing into more than deep and applying this theory to such company as British Airways I goat say that production strategy is the main strategy of Marketing Mix (4 PS). Without Product strategy there is no Place, Price and Promotion. Speaking about BA it is transporting industry its product is not physical and pukenot be touched. British Airways product strategy includes flightservices, quality of flights, various destinations across Europe andthe world, executive class, business class, speed, security, body forthfacilities and years of experience. Nowadays, the main aircrafts which BA utilizations to transport people argon Airbus A318-100, Airbus A319-100, Airbus A320-200, Airbus A321-200, Airbus A380-800, Boeing 737400, Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767-300ER, Boeing 777200, Boeing 777-200ER, Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 7878, Boeing 7879. Most of the airplanes which are 77% use either Rolls-Royce or IAE alliance engines. Another 23% is divided between General El ectricand theCFM outside(a)consortium. To the year 2012 BA operates over 400 aircraft, carries over 62million passengers annually, and serves more than 200 destinations.British Airways is not only Air parenthood Company it also has its ownengineering branchto exploit its aircraft fleet, this includes line maintenance at over 70 airports around the world. One more vital option of 4 ps is Place. The main place were customers can consume services of British Airways is situated in Waterside, close to its main airport at London Heathrow Airport. However BA is international company and you can also find it in main airports all over the world. Also there are 2 important service centers in GlasgowandCardiff Airports.Turning to the third option which is Price the organization should set the expenditure relative with the value delivered and perceived by thecustomer. British Airways has set its services in the way that customers can chose how much they want to pay for this service. Comparin g with other Airline Companies BA poses four types of services parsimony class, premium economy class, business class, premium business class. The difference is in quality of product which are you consuming and the price. So price of the tickets are varied from ? 00 to ? 400. Main success of the company depends on its promotion. striation in the promotional team of British Airways know their. First slogan The Worlds Favourite Airline was launch in 1989 with the song of The Flower Duet byLeo Delibes. After this there were a lot of changes like Upgrade to British Airways, The Worlds Favourite Airline, The Worlds Best Airline, Well Take More Care Of You, and fly the Flag. One of the latest tricks was Christmas gift voucher which is promotional prices.This works during the Christmas holidays and offers lowest prices for their customers. For example flying to 14 travel zones from ? 59 return on UK and Europe destinations andfrom ? 269 return on the rest of the world In the end I wou ld like to say that British Airlines is one of the biggest companies in this area and one of the best(p) companies. For a long time it provides its clients with high level services and security which is the most important things in this business. Meanwhile, price is responsible to the quality. Service is easily available and well promoted.

Values And Ethics Essay Example for Free

Values And Ethics EssayValues and ethics be two assorted things that go hand in hand. Values simply refer to our view points, beliefs and thoughts that we withdraw in watch to essential aspects of our lives. They are the cultures and beliefs that we hold close to our hearts in regard to what is fundamental to us. Ethics on the separate hand is our personalised code of conduct as stipulated and acceptable to the society. The personal value that we hold impact greatly on our ethics, they can also be in conflict. I seduce a number of personal set that I hold close to my Herat. Core to this is ca-ca, community and family.These remain a guiding point and an inspiration to my life. They are a source of strength and consolation. It is popularly said that beneficence begins at home and in this I puddle come to believe. Michael Rosenberg notes that the family is probably the most important federal agent of accessibleization. He goes on to expound on this adding that from the start days a childs life, the individual is work significant others impact a wide range of meanings about norms and values that are related to the kinds of behavior which that individual will experience during the counts of his or her life. (1983, p. 163). Indeed most of what we know and found into practice emanates from our initial mixerization. I feel I owe a lot to my family for the way it has molded me. A look at my childhood reveals a series of ups and down struggles to remain in the office even when temptation to do wrong is overwhelming. Whether or not I was able to do slump and some quantifys falter in my steps, one thing remained constant the support I received from my family. Family is an important institution not wholly for love and constant care, but also for the unconditional support no matter the ch completelyenges ahead.Taking a look back in my life, I can chat the important hurdles I cast off been able to overcome in life out-of-pocket to the support th at I have secured from my parents, support that has shaped and imparted important values in my life. Work is another vegetable marrow personal value that continues to inspire me in my current life. A glance at the world instantly reveals that work remains a central value to majority of good deal, a centrality almost equaling that of the family. Work is not only an occupation and a source of livelihood but it is also a way of continually mold individuals when they are not within the precincts of the family.Work has continued to imbue a sense of discipline and is an bridle-path through which to put into practice values in comforted in me by the family. It is in the working environment that values such as punctuality, accuracy and professionalism are fully put into practice. Work has become a outcome value not only in the financial aspect but also the opportunity it has given(p) me to pursue an interest that is close to my heart. It gives me a chance to interact with others and c ontribute positively towards the alleviation of their sufferings.Although bounty begins at home, it is important to note that values instilled at this stage are meant to act as returnlines to succeeding(a) interaction with the rest of the society. It is how effectively that an individual interacts with the society that determines ones destiny and success in life. This brings another core value people. Right from my childhood, I was taught the essence of being able to interact effectively with people from dissimilar backgrounds I was taught the importance of possessing excellent communication skills to foster effective interaction with the rest of the society.In todays age, although academic qualifications are key to an upward career progression, social networking is a key ingredient. As a social worker, my work revolves around assisting people they are the source of my livelihood as soundly as fulfillment. A positive interaction with people is a must if I am to dispose in care er and earn my livelihood. According to Kim affectionate Gottfried et al, NASW Code of Ethics refers to a set of values, principles and standards to guide decision making and conduct when ethical issues arise. A look at these values and ethics reveals a number of differences and similarities to my core personal values.One of these values according to NASW is the importance of valet de chambre relationships (2002, p28) Social workers have been molded to appreciate the importance of maintaining positive interactions with the people. According to the code of ethics, they are supposed to strengthen relationships among people in a purposeful effort to promote, restore, maintain and enhance the well being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations and communities (Kim Strong G. et al ,2002) As afore mentioned, one or my core is the people.As social workers recognize the importance of human relationships, I have also appreciated the benefits to be reaped by a close interacti on with people and the ask to swear out where necessary. The NASW code of ethics propagates for the dignity and worth of every individual. I have with time discovered the importance of working with people from various backgrounds and learnt to address their problems no matter their culture, ethnicity, color or creed. This emanates from the need to uphold the dignity and worth of every individual. A social worker serves others and sponsors them cope with the challenges in life.As mentioned, another core personal value is work. My work provides fulfillment when I aptly propagate all the resources at my disposal to assist others. I believe in the need and the ability to help others as the greatest gift in life. NASW code of ethics also espouses this emphasizing on the need to overcome personal interests to better the lives of others. One major difference that exists between my core personal values and the NASW code of ethics is the role of the family. My family has played a big rol e towards molding me and its still plays prestigious role.Family interests in social work may bring a conflict of interest. though it may go a long way in dowery me to understand the society, it may be detrimental where the first duty is to the family other than to the nodes as professionalism insists. Vignette 3 Vignette number three is about a 68 year old lady contemplating death to ease the immense pain she is undergoing as a cancer patient. The main reason why I have elect this vignette is because it brings into a knowing focus a topic that has been dominating the public debate for long and continues to evoke emotions each trice it is mentioned.The issue of whether it is ethically wrong for a terminally ill patent to undergo euthanasia is still controversial in the medical profession circles. As I go through the vignette, I have strong feeling against what the guest is proposing. Despite the immense pain that she is in, I am convinced that fetching an overdose is the wrong approach. Due to limited interaction with people of advanced age in the society, I have an ill convinced notion that they have little respect for the set laws and guidelines and will play to make decisions arbitrarily with little regard of the consequences.I have had a preconceived belief that due to their advanced age, they assume that laws can be bent to accommodate their whims. . My interaction with the client though intensify by the preconceived assumptions about old people was nervous it became uneasy the moment she told me of what she had thought of doing. I had made it known to her clearly that my moral and ethical stand could not allow me to empathize with her. Though I shared in her pain, I was getting increasingly uneasy with her and made sure her medical specialty was kept out of her reach.I was employing each and every effort to make her comfortable but she had other plans with her life. The fact that she made it clear she would end her life as she could not bear the pain gave me an uneasy feeling. I am aware of the debilitating impact that my preconceived assumptions in regard to the old client had on my objectivity and my interaction with the client. I was already convinced that the old lady would try to pulsate the system in order to accomplish her objectives. These perceptions clouded my judgment and the fair view of the clients situation.To overcome these cases and be able to make a decision that is within the precincts of professionalism, I would request the help of colleagues who have far much experience in dealing with such cases. He would guide me towards gaining objectivity in my judgment. I have also square offd to spend more time with the client to be able to understand her better and see how well I can help her. Should this not work, I would consult with my mentor or a higher authority to have the clients allocated to another medical social worker in the knowledge that our first commitment is to the client.Dilemma 4 I have chosen this ethical dilemma for one main reason, I had handled familiar cases during my internship although then mostly I was helping battered men and women cope with their problems. I was also assisting newly divorced individuals overcome their frustrations in life. I am confident that tackling this ethical dilemma will add to my wealth of experience. This ethical dilemma is compound by the fact that the male client is contemplating killing his wife should she decided to leave him. This is a evil and should be enshrouded to the relevant authorities.On the other hand, as a professional I am bound by work ethics and surreptitiousity. Whatever the client confides in me is supposed to remain confidential and should not be revealed to a third party. According to the NASW Code of Ethics social workers should cheer the confidentiality of all information obtained in the course of professional service. (1999) Following the same NASW Code of Ethics, as a social worker, I should use my intuit ion and competence to convey the appropriate course of action whenever such a case arises.In this case, I would either choose to report the client to the police of the plotted tally or dedicate my time towards assisting the client to manage his anger and outline the inappropriateness and the consequence of his planned actions. Should I opt to report the matter to the police, I should inform the client before hand of the be disclosure. Both of these courses of action have their pros and Cons. If I decide to report the case to the police, I will have violated the clients trust and confidence, not only in me but also in social workers.The client might refuse to disclose any other information or share his problems with me. If I choose this course of action, I should be prepared, according to the NASW code of ethics, to protect the confidentiality of the client during legal proceedings to the terminus permitted by law. On the other hand I will have prevented a crime. (1999) If I dec ide to assist the client cope with his anger without involving a third party there is a stake that the client will go ahead and carry out his threat. In such a case, I will be liable legally for failing to disclose information that turns out to be counterproductive to a third party.I shall have earned the clients trust and might be able to see him through his problems. The NASW code of ethics is an appropriate resource to guide me on the appropriate decision to make. I would also consult with colleagues or with the supervisors in the field. In such a case though, it is important that I withhold any information that could lead to his identification. Faced with such a dilemma, I would opt to report the matter to the police to avoid any harm coming to third parties . The clients has had a history of force-out and would probably go ahead and execute the attacks even with my counseling.To avoid the occurrence of such an incident and to protect the wife and also the client from himself , it would be appropriate that I took up the matter with the police.ReferencesNASW code of ethics. 1999 NASW intend Assembly. Retrieved on June 20th 2008 from http//ncss. aua. edu/docs/naswcodeofethics. pdf Michael Rosenberg, 1983. Introduction to sociology. Routledge. Phyllis N. Black, Elaine Piller, Kimstrong Gottfried, 2002. Teaching social work values and ethics A broadcast resource. Council on Social Work education. University of Michigan.

Chaebols vs. Keiritsu Essay Example for Free

Chaebols vs. Keiritsu renderThe essay below talks about two major business organisations of Korean Chaebols and Japanese Keiretsus. It will be discussed the differences and commonalities of Keiretsus and Chaebol the structure, history, and how the business is run by each organisation.Also, it talks about these two business organisations afterwards the 1997-1998 Asian Financial Crisis. How did Chaebols and Keiretsus change its management style to overcome the bankruptcy and still keep the handed-down way of management. And as a conclusion

Definition aspects of empathy Essay Example for Free

Definition aspects of empathy EssayWhen empathy is defined cognitively, the construct of sympathy is found to be similar to a traditional measure white plagued for studying the inter someoneal sensitivity or intuition of a person. This translates to a highly empathic person being skilled at decoding cues tie in to some others feelings or behaviour and hence is accurate in predicting anothers feelings or behaviour. This in turn translates to the ability to infer the target individuals thoughts, feelings and personality characteristics from a transmutation of verbal and non-verbal cues. Hence this definition and measurement has important applications in areas of processes involving social influences such as teacher-student, physical-patient relationships. another(prenominal) definition moves beyond the savvy of another persons emotional state or situation. It emphasises on the vicarious emotional reaction that is occur in the observer as a result of understanding the emotio nal state of the other individual. hither empathy is a state of emotional arousal that comes from the apprehension or comprehension of anothers call forive emotional state.For example, if an individual observes another person who is sad and past feels sad themselves, then the person is experiencing empathy. This can also be translated in case the individuals emotion is positive and the observer feels similarly positive. Empathy can be experienced over a spacious range of emotions. (Randall, et al, 2001) Major Components of Empathy Although there are various definitions for empathy, it is widely accepted that there are third primary components. The components can be listed as follows (i) an affective response to another person, often involving sharing of the persons emotional state(ii) a cognitive capacity to understand and take the perspective of another person and (iii) regulation of emotion. According to Hoffman, empathy is largely involuntary response to affective emotional c ues from the other person. Batson et al (1997) associate empathy with intentional role taking ability which taps into the cognitive resources. These two different aspects of empathy takes into affect depending on how empathy is triggered. Depending on the trigger the behaviour of the observer is automatically mimics the expressions of other, which is the bottom-up processing.Top-down processing happens when the observer uses his or her capacity for imaginative transposing of oneself into the thinking and the feeling of the subject. Both the aspects of empathy are involved differentially depending on the situation. (Decety, et al , 2006) Empathy and Its Use in Health Industry In the recent years, it has been found that empathetic parley enhances the therapeutic effectualness in a clinician- patient relationship. It also helps in increasing the effectiveness of collection information in the clinical interviewing process. In medical care, empathy improves the communication and provi des several advantages.Some of these advantages are change health for the patients, better patient compliance, reduction in risk in terms of medical good aspects, and improved satisfaction among the clinicians. Empathy is the detect element that enables better communication. Frederic Platt devised a set of key steps to effective empathy. This includes the following aspects i. Recognising the presence of strong feeling want fear, anger, grief, disappointment and others emotions in the clinical settings ii. Pausing to imagine how the patient might be feeling at a particular point of period iii. Stating the perception of the feelings of the patient.Examples of such statements are I can imagine that must be like.. or It sounds like you are upset virtually iv. Legitimising the feeling of the patient v. Respecting the patients effort to cope with the discomforts and issues vi. whirl support and partnership for solving the predicaments. This could be expressed in statements such a s I am committed to work with you to or Lets see how we can solve this together. For other areas such as psychiatrists or mental health personnel, it is important to be aware of the opportunities for empathy when they arise during the interview with the patients.Here it may not be important for empathetic communication as such. The opportunity of empathy arises from the patients emotion. This emotion may be directly expressed or implied by the patient. When this emotion is expressed, it provides and opportunity for the mendelevium to respond empathetically. Wendy Levinson studied the frequency of empathy opportunities with over 116 office visits to primary care and running(a) docs. In more(prenominal) than half of the cases, it was found that the patients presented the clues in subtle ways, not overtly.In just 38 percent of the surgical cases and in 21 percent of the primary care cases, the physicians responded to the clues. In other cases, the physicians missed the opportunity for empathy. It is usually possible to find medical clues in the fabric of the discussions about the medical problems. If the physician is busy care to the biomedical details of diagnosis, then they are possible to miss the opportunity for empathy. Most of the times, the patients are likely to provide the opportunities again, and in some cases multiple times.Once the empathy opportunity is found by the physician, it is essential for the physician to offer a gesture or statement of empathy. The statements of empathy can be categorized into different groups. The key groups are queries, clarifications and responses. Examples of queries can be similar to the questions such as can you tell me more about that? , what has this been like for you, how has all of this made you feel? . Clarifications can have the following forms Let me see if I have got this right.. Tell me more about I want to make sure I still what you have said.Responses have the following forms Sounds like you are .. I imagine that you must be.. I can understand, that must make you feel In most of the cases, the patients express agreement to the statements and confirm the feeling. In case the physician has not understood the patients experience exactly, then they can use Hypothesis-Test Feedback Loop. It allows the patient to clarify their experience and also allows the physician to clarify his or her experience. This allows the physician to reinstate the empathetic statement that was missed in the earlier attempt.

Positive functions for society Essay Example for Free

Positive operate ons for decree EssayThe family was once described as a societal group that sh ard common toleratence, consisted of at least two adults of each sex that maintained a soci whollyy approved sexual relationship and had one or more sisterren, their own or adopted. This is a nuclear family, described by George Murdoch to be a universal family type. Although it is correct to say that nuclear families re stance universally, family types now vary from single-parent families to gay headed families. Despite the variety, they contribute to the society, in ways that can be exacting and negative too. Many sociologists differ in their views as to whether the family is positive(p) to the society or non- movealists turn over that the family has positive functions that contribute positively to the society but it has to be said that functionalists tend to ignore negative aspects of the family such as the dark side, which consists of all that makes the family a negative e xperience for its members. Nevertheless there are sociologists that tension on yet the negative aspects, such as, radical psychiatrists, radical feminists and Marxists. The new right theory has religious belief that family is a positive function of the society, however new rights only refer to nuclear families, as they believe that any other family type is inferior.Functionalism is a consensus theory which looks at society positively. Functionalists often make an extreme analogy, as a human body is maintained by the functions of each part of a body, property it alive and healthy, similarly, and society is kept going by its institutions- family being one of the institutions which function to sustain the eudaemonia of society. It is recognised by functionalists that families change themselves over time for the sake of adapting to society, an exemplar would be leading functionalist Emile Durkheim who strongly believed that family was the most important institution of society. Dur kheim believed that family positively functioned for both individuals and society. The family, he believed, is the institution that offers its members emotional support, stability and gives them their identity element as primary socialisers, and to an extent, teaches them how they should act toward the rest of society.Thus he proves that they perform a positive function to society too, as they provide fundamental social order and stability, which answers to prevent the society from becoming disordered. Talcott rectors was a functionalist who analysed the familiesfrom a modern perspective and came to a conclusion that although families extradite less functions, as they are provided with help from outside agencies, they still perform two important functions which determine the actions within a society. These two functions taper on individuals- the first being the socialisation of children primarily, into the responsible, committed individuals that society can benefit from and the second is the stabilisation of adult personalities, as he stated that it was family who help ease away tensions of the modern world, particularly for staminate workers.He also believed that these functions were best found in nuclear families, where the clear sexual division in labour enabled wives to partake an expressive role while men held an instrumental role. However, there are functionalists akin Fletcher who believe that family has not decreased their functions, he explains how the family do not just perform the apparent overt functions of primary socialisation, social control and reproduction but they also play a role in providing basic education and support through school life and they still have an economic function because they provide support to their non-working members, whether they are un-fit to work, ill or unemployed and ultimately, family supplies the whole economy with workers.The functionalism theory sheds unmortgaged on the positive aspects of family life wh ich all contribute to the society positively. Each functionalist has consistently mentioned a vital performance that families partake- the primary socialisation of children. During this stage a child learns about his/her culture and is most potential to be taught the norms and values of their society. Primary socialisation is a vital performance which is done by the family, as a child is expected to have acknowledgement of the norms and values in order to adjust with the society they live in.Although the functionalist theory does not look at the negative aspects of the family there are others that do. It can only be assumed that the functionalist view was patriarchal- the belief that men are dominate. This assumption is only representative of Parson as he introduced the warm bath theory, whereby he suggested that it was men that had a hard day at work and their wives (women) stayed at home and made them feel better when the husbands came home. bow feminists are those who focus on this discrimination and have firm belief that the world is wrongly dominated bymen. They believe that patriarchal ideology gives women a perception that motherhood is their natural role whereas it actually keeps women subservient to men. They express how women have at least a dual role but most have a two-fold burden which consists of the roles of a paid worker, a mother and a housewife. The Marxist theory characterises the society as being one that exploits and subordinates the working class.They argue that the family only benefits capitalists as they produce the working class, teach their children to direct capitalist values when primarily socialising them, which are to hard work, accepting and respecting authority, and it is the family that makes their members feel that capitalism is the norm. Radical psychiatrists on the other hand, argue that the family as a whole is a deception. Clinical evidence proves that families bide exploitation, oppression and a negative experience. The modern family is so independent that it leads to emotional stress between the members. They differ with functionalists and say that families actually spend too much time trying to please others by doing what they are expected to do, which prevents them from having autonomy. Thus if someone did something wrong it would lead to shame, guilt and repression. This leads to the dark side to a family which includes holler to children and domestic military force to both men and women.Child guy consists of, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and scorn. A CPS report showed that five to six children died each day in 2001 due to child abuse or neglect. Approximately 84% of the children were abused by their parents and mothers alone were responsible for 47% of the neglect and 32% of the abuse. Domestic violence is also increasing the UKs crime rate and accounts for a quarter of the murders in the UK. Domestic violence is all the violence that occurs between partners. Not only does it account for physical violence but sexual and emotional abuse too.Although it is considered a crime against women because they are twice as credibly to be threatened and injured, men are also violated against- a study conducted at the Leicester infirmary in 1992 concluded that equal numbers of men and women were being assaulted at home and that men acquire more serious injuries, losing consciousness more often than women. It whitethorn be so that the family as individuals may be affected more if they suffer these negative experiences however, it may also affect the society because ones elaboration to society will become effortless regardless of the way they contribute, for examples if they are a student,they will not work hard, if they are a worker, they will be less. Nevertheless there are 400 refuges virtually the UK and any help lines to support those that are suffering.There are different views of the family that that highlight how they function in society and toward s individuals. Functionalism is the main theory that promotes the positive aspects of a family and reflects the positive contributions a family makes towards society by playacting essential functions such as reproduction, primary socialisation and social control. There are also umteen theories that focus on the negative aspects of the family- the things that make family a bad function of society. However, it has to be said that all the theorys are correct if read from the perspective that they are written in. Thus, although the family does have a dark side and may not comply with all theorists, such as radical psychiatrists and radical feminists, they still suffice to uphold the main functions, that is to reproduce, socialise with individuals and support their family members.